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Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University
127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK74078
405.744.5527
Vol. 10, No. 21
http://entoplp.okstate.edu/Pddl/
Oct 24, 2011
Dry Fall = Plant Vampires in Wheat (and Canola)
Tom A. Royer, Extension Entomologist
A hot, dry summer like we have experienced can drive many plant feeding insects to look for any green, succulent plants to snack on until they die or hibernate for the winter. We are getting reports of leafhoppers attacking winter wheat. Several leafhopper species will move into, and feed on wheat, including the painted leafhopper, the aster leafhopper and the gray lawn leafhopper, just to name a few. These insects are small (1/16 – 1/8 inches) wedge-shaped relatives of aphids that actively fly and move when disturbed. The gray lawn leafhopper is grayish-yellow with dark brown markings and two black spots on its “face”. The aster leafhopper is greenish yellow with 3 pairs of spots or dashes on its “face”.
Painted leafhopper (L), aster leafhopper (top), and the gray lawn leafhopper (bottom). These “plant vampires” feed on the wheat plant’s sap with their needle-like mouthparts, and literally suck the life out it. Symptoms of leafhopper damage in wheat are similar to symptoms of nitrogen deficiency. Leaf blades may turn brown along the edges and have a green-yellow color to the leaves. One question that sometimes arises about leafhoppers in wheat is “do they transmit barley yellow dwarf virus?” The short answer, based on years of research by numerous entomologists and plant virologists, is NO! Any correlation between treating a wheat field with an insecticide for leafhoppers and a seeming reduction in barley yellow dwarf incidence probably occurred because infective aphids were controlled as well.
What about canola? Well, the aster leafhopper (also known as the six-spotted leafhopper) is of concern because it is a vector of aster yellows. Aster yellows disease is caused by a mycoplasma that requires transmission by a host insect. This disease can be particularly damaging to canola, especially when it infects plants early. It affects more than 300 plant species including several common weeds such as horseweed, plantain, ragweed, wild carrot and wild lettuce.
The leafhopper picks up the disease as it feeds, but it takes 9 to 21 days for it to become infective. Infective asters leafhoppers can spread the disease for up to 100 days. Aster yellows disease is difficult to control but growers should not panic about asters leafhoppers and this disease. Typically, aster yellows infect 2-5% of plants in a given field with the occasional exception.
Control: Research conducted in snap beans and okra suggests that Gaucho or Cruiser should be effective at warding off early leafhopper infestations in canola and wheat for up to 30 days. I know of no recommended treatment threshold for leafhoppers; in fact I found only one reference on leafhoppers in wheat, written in 1932. My “rule of thumb” suggestion for controlling leafhoppers in wheat or canola is that if noticeable symptoms of damage are present and leafhopper numbers are high (they come up in clouds as you walk) consider treatment with an insecticide. In wheat, Lorsban 4E SG and dimethoate are specifically labeled for control of leafhoppers, but other products such as Baythroid, Karate, Mustang MAX and Proaxis will likely work as well. For canola, Brigade, Mustang MAX, Proaxis or Warrior are registered for use and should provide control. Leafhoppers will probably be around until things really cool down, sometime in November. For specific information, consult Current Report CR-7194 Management of Insect and Mite Pests in Small Grains and Current Report CR-7667, Management of Insect and Mite Pests in Canola.
___________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Richard Grantham
Director, Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural.

Okla State Agency	Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
Title	Pest e-alerts.
Alternative title	up through v8no2 Plant disease and insect advisory
Authors	Oklahoma State University. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology.
Publisher	Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University; Oklahoma State University Extension
Publication Date	2003; 2004; 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009; 2010; 2011
Publication type	Newsletter
Serial holdings	Electronic holdings: 2003-2011
Subject	Plant diseases--Periodicals. Agricultural pests--Periodicals.
Notes	issues through 2011;title Pest e-alerts v.8 no. 3 3/12/09-
OkDocs Class#	Z2155.6 P713d
For all issues click	Z2155.6 P713d
Digital Format	PDF, Adobe Reader required
ODL electronic copy	Downloaded from agency website: http://entoplp.okstate.edu/pddl/advisory.htm
Rights and Permissions	This Oklahoma state government publication is provided for educational purposes under U.S. copyright law. Other usage requires permission of copyright holders.
Language	English
Date created	2009-12-15
Date modified	2012-02-28

Title	2011-10-24 Pest e-alert.
OkDocs Class#	Z2155.6 P713d 9/20/2011 v.10 no.21
Digital Format	PDF, Adobe Reader required
ODL electronic copy	Downloaded from agency website: http://entoplp.okstate.edu/pddl/2011/PA10-21.pdf
Rights and Permissions	This Oklahoma state government publication is provided for educational purposes under U. S. copyright law. Other usage requires permission of copyright holders
Language	English
Full text	Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK74078 405.744.5527 Vol. 10, No. 21 http://entoplp.okstate.edu/Pddl/ Oct 24, 2011 Dry Fall = Plant Vampires in Wheat (and Canola) Tom A. Royer, Extension Entomologist A hot, dry summer like we have experienced can drive many plant feeding insects to look for any green, succulent plants to snack on until they die or hibernate for the winter. We are getting reports of leafhoppers attacking winter wheat. Several leafhopper species will move into, and feed on wheat, including the painted leafhopper, the aster leafhopper and the gray lawn leafhopper, just to name a few. These insects are small (1/16 – 1/8 inches) wedge-shaped relatives of aphids that actively fly and move when disturbed. The gray lawn leafhopper is grayish-yellow with dark brown markings and two black spots on its “face”. The aster leafhopper is greenish yellow with 3 pairs of spots or dashes on its “face”. Painted leafhopper (L), aster leafhopper (top), and the gray lawn leafhopper (bottom). These “plant vampires” feed on the wheat plant’s sap with their needle-like mouthparts, and literally suck the life out it. Symptoms of leafhopper damage in wheat are similar to symptoms of nitrogen deficiency. Leaf blades may turn brown along the edges and have a green-yellow color to the leaves. One question that sometimes arises about leafhoppers in wheat is “do they transmit barley yellow dwarf virus?” The short answer, based on years of research by numerous entomologists and plant virologists, is NO! Any correlation between treating a wheat field with an insecticide for leafhoppers and a seeming reduction in barley yellow dwarf incidence probably occurred because infective aphids were controlled as well. What about canola? Well, the aster leafhopper (also known as the six-spotted leafhopper) is of concern because it is a vector of aster yellows. Aster yellows disease is caused by a mycoplasma that requires transmission by a host insect. This disease can be particularly damaging to canola, especially when it infects plants early. It affects more than 300 plant species including several common weeds such as horseweed, plantain, ragweed, wild carrot and wild lettuce. The leafhopper picks up the disease as it feeds, but it takes 9 to 21 days for it to become infective. Infective asters leafhoppers can spread the disease for up to 100 days. Aster yellows disease is difficult to control but growers should not panic about asters leafhoppers and this disease. Typically, aster yellows infect 2-5% of plants in a given field with the occasional exception. Control: Research conducted in snap beans and okra suggests that Gaucho or Cruiser should be effective at warding off early leafhopper infestations in canola and wheat for up to 30 days. I know of no recommended treatment threshold for leafhoppers; in fact I found only one reference on leafhoppers in wheat, written in 1932. My “rule of thumb” suggestion for controlling leafhoppers in wheat or canola is that if noticeable symptoms of damage are present and leafhopper numbers are high (they come up in clouds as you walk) consider treatment with an insecticide. In wheat, Lorsban 4E SG and dimethoate are specifically labeled for control of leafhoppers, but other products such as Baythroid, Karate, Mustang MAX and Proaxis will likely work as well. For canola, Brigade, Mustang MAX, Proaxis or Warrior are registered for use and should provide control. Leafhoppers will probably be around until things really cool down, sometime in November. For specific information, consult Current Report CR-7194 Management of Insect and Mite Pests in Small Grains and Current Report CR-7667, Management of Insect and Mite Pests in Canola. ___________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Richard Grantham Director, Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural.
Date created	2011-11-28
Date modified	2011-12-07

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